Patient satisfaction with physical therapy care, in a tertiary healthcare facility: an evaluation of quality of physical therapy services provided in Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State.

Ojeniweh O1*, Popoola O1, Adesina AD2, Mariere U2, Rotifa S2
1Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
2Department of Community Health and Public Health, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
*Correspondence: Ojeniweh Ogechukwu; +234 703 979 7610; oojeniweh@yahoo.com

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Abstract

Background: Patient satisfaction is an important indicator in assessing quality of health care. Physiotherapy services is a core service required to promote quality coverage of healthcare universally.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction with physiotherapy services in a tertiary facility.
Materials and Method: A descriptive survey of 141 patients aged between 18 and 64years who received at least 3 sessions of physiotherapy from June 2018 to December 2019. Data was collected using the Patient satisfaction questionnaire III (PSQ-III).
Results: The respondents were 56% males with 44% females. Respondents in the age range of 36-45years and employed in the formal public sector were 47.5%. Respondents who had post-secondary education were 77.4%. Satisfaction with physical therapy services was graded good (29.1%), very good (64.5%) and excellent (1.4%). Communication (95.7%), technical quality (92.9%) and interpersonal aspects (90.1%) rated highest in satisfaction, time aspect had the highest grade of fairly satisfied patients. Poor satisfaction responses were recorded against convenience, time spent and cost as most patients paid out of pocket. Factors such as employment of physiotherapists, access to physiotherapy care and increase in number of visits covered under various prepayment schemes would enhance quality of care delivered in the state.
Conclusion: Patient satisfaction is an important factor in improving the healthcare of patients. Patients were reasonably satisfied with the services received. Factors identified to impact negatively, can be managed to improve the patient experience.

Keywords: Physiotherapy, Patient satisfaction, Healthcare.

Cite this article: Ojeniweh O, Popoola O, Adesina AD, Mariere U, Rotifa S. Patient satisfaction with physical therapy care, in a tertiary healthcare facility: an evaluation of quality of physical therapy services provided in Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Yen Med J. 2021;3(2):116–123.

INTRODUCTION

With the advent of evidence-based practice, there has been a growing interest in the evaluation of patient satisfaction in healthcare research. It is generally regarded as an important component in quality health care.1

 

Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of quality care,2 this is buttressed by evidence that satisfied patients adhere better to treatment with resultant higher quality of life.3 Patient satisfaction surveys are used by health organizations to identify areas of care that needs improvement,4 to determine quality assurance and the accreditation of hospitals and health care centres.5 However, while patient satisfaction is an idea most health institutions desire to attain, evaluating this concept in healthcare settings in a reliable and valid manner is challenging.

 

Physical therapy is an area of rehabilitation that has a major role in maintaining health and overcoming impairments. It involves examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and plan of care for the patient, which may be directly or indirectly assessed by the patient. Although survey results have consistently showed high levels of overall satisfaction, satisfaction levels varied when separate dimensions of the construct were investigated. They asserted that patients may be satisfied with some aspects of their physical therapy care, but less satisfied with other aspects. Several dimensions of patient satisfaction with physical therapy services have been assessed. In 1994, Yoshioka measured satisfaction with physical therapy at the end of life by considering the dimensions of technical competence, professionalism, courtesy, and caring 6 Oermann et al in 2000 and Beattie in 2005 assessed satisfaction of patients with cystic fibrosis and considered the domains of efficacy, convenience, comfort, overall satisfaction, internal factors associated with patient/therapist interactions and external factors associated with clinic and environmental factors.7,8

 

The healthcare industry like other service industries has become highly receptive to the notion that service quality and consumer satisfaction are critically important factors in the success of healthcare organizations.9,10 Patient satisfaction is indicative of patients perception of the quality of healthcare they receive and the quality of the specific institution offering the care.11 This evaluation of patient’s satisfaction is a demonstration of the move towards a patient-centered care.12 Identifying what the client perceives as quality helps create a measure for quality healthcare services.13 Numerous factors impact on the patient’s perception of the care provided by a health institution throughout the time spent in the facility.

 

Patient satisfaction is an important clinical health outcome and is a primary means of evaluating the effectiveness of healthcare delivery. Differences between patient expectation and services rendered is related to decreased satisfaction.14 The major goal of a tertiary healthcare facility as the highest level of health-care provision is to pro­vide the best possible care to the patients. Patient satisfac­tion is one of the established yardsticks to measure success of the healthcare services being provided.15 Thus, there is a need to assess the healthcare systems regarding patient satisfaction as often as possible.16

 

In a study by Grimmer et al, (1999)17 reasons for which patients attend physiotherapy clinics were stated, the most common of these were convenience, reputation, previous good experience and recommendation, the physiotherapist’s interpersonal skills and ability to impart information.

 

In recent years, Nigeria instituted certain reforms to improve the quality of health care delivery in public hospitals. The provision of physiotherapy equipment to six federal government tertiary hospitals may have been a result of these reforms with the intent of providing qualitative care. This study therefore evaluated the extent to which outpatient physiotherapy services have met patients’ expectations and preferences in Federal medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-South Nigeria.

 

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This study is a descriptive survey. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire with very minimal assistance from trained Research Assistants, who explained the objectives and procedure of the study to the participants and obtained the patient’s informed consent. Participants were drawn from patients who have had at least 3 sessions of physiotherapy on outpatient basis in the physiotherapy clinic, aged 18 to 64 years and consented to participate in the study. They were recruited on a consecutive basis throughout the period of one year that the study lasted.  Patients with poor cognitive abilities were excluded from the study.18,19

 

A two-section study instrument was used for data collection. Section One contains structured questions that explored the socio-demographic characteristics. The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-III) formed the second section of the study instrument.20 The PSQ-III is a 50-item questionnaire assessing patient satisfaction in 7 domains on a 5-point Likert scale: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = uncertain, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree. The PSQ-III has 26 positively worded questions in which low score reflects satisfaction and 24 negatively worded questions which were reverse scored.

 

Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed using the version 22.0 of the SPSS package. To assess satisfaction, responses to positively worded items on the scale were recoded so that higher item scores indicated greater satisfaction, while for the negatively worded items, the pre-coded responses of 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = uncertain, 4 = disagree, 5 = strongly disagree were maintained so that higher scores also indicated greater dissatisfaction. Total satisfaction score and domain scores were obtained by the summation of all items in the PSQ-III and its domains and division by the number of items in the total scale and domain, respectively. Categorization of scores was done and scores greater than 85% were considered as ‘excellent’ satisfaction, 71% to 85% reflected ‘very good’ satisfaction, 56% to 70% were categorized as ‘good’ while 41% to 55% presented fair satisfaction and 40% and below depicted poor satisfaction. Other continuous variables in the study are presented as mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages.

 

RESULTS

Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants

A total of 150 patients were eligible and had the study instrument administered on them over a period of one year. Of this, 141 participants completed and returned the questionnaires giving a response rate of 94.0%. Table 1 presents the socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants and reveals that 56.0% of the study population were males while the remaining 44.0% were females. Most of the participants were aged between 36 and 45 years (47.5%), in public formal employment (64.5%), married/cohabiting (75.2%) and had post-secondary education as the highest level of educational attainment (77.3%).

Participants’ responses to subscale domains on the PSQIII measuring satisfaction

Table 2 presents the item mean scores, and standard deviation. The minimum and maximum item mean values for the items were 32.09±18.49 and 85.99±14.75 in PSQ4 and PSQ22 respectively. Domain mean values range from 60.3±8.1 in the GSAT domain to 77.6±9.9 in the communication domain (Table 3). Table 3 reveals that COMM, INTER and TECH domains had the highest responses in satisfaction level. ACC and FINAN recorded poor satisfaction values while TIME spent was the least

Level of Satisfaction with Physiotherapy care

Table 4 shows that most participants reported either good, very good or excellent satisfaction with the communication (95.7%), technical quality (92.9%) and interpersonal aspects (90.1%) of their contact with the Physiotherapists; while highest level of poor and fair satisfaction was reported in the ‘Time spent with physiotherapist’ domains (41.9%) of the scale (Table 4).

 

 

Table 1: Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants

 

Characteristics

Frequency (N 141)

Percent (%)

 

Sex

 

 

 

Male

79

56.0

 

Female

62

44.0

 

Age group

 

 

 

< 25 years

7

5.0

 

26 – 35 years

19

13.5

 

36 – 45 years

67

47.5

 

46 –  55 years

34

24.1

 

> 56 years

14

9.9

 

Educational level

 

 

 

Primary

7

5.0

 

Secondary

25

17.7

 

Post-secondary

109

77.3

 

Marital Status

 

 

 

Married/Co-habiting

106

75.2

 

Single/Divorced/Separated

35

24.8

 

Occupation      

 

 

 

Unemployed

12

8.5

 

Private Formal

14

9.9

 

Public Formal

91

64.5

 

Private Informal

24

17.0

 

 

Table 2: Mean score and standard deviation distribution of 50 items of the PSQ-III questionnaire

Item

 Code

Item

Mean

SD

 

 

 

 

 

General Satisfaction

 

 

PSQ1

I am satisfied with the physiotherapy care I received

76.4

16.6

PSQ2

There are some things about the physiotherapy care I receive that could be better

33.5

     18.4

PSQ3

Considering all factors, the Physiotherapy care I received from this department is excellent

78.0

13.5

PSQ4

There are things about the physiotherapy department where I receive care that needs to be improved

32.1

18.5

PSQ5

The physiotherapy care I have been receiving is just about perfect

74.6

13.4

PSQ6

I am dissatisfied with some things about the physiotherapy care I received here

66.8

21.4

 

Technical Quality

 

 

PSQ7

When I come for physiotherapy care, they are careful to check everything when treating and examining me

83.2

14.8

PSQ8

The Physiotherapist needs to be more thorough in treating and examining me

44.7

26.7

PSQ9

I think the physiotherapy department in this facility has everything needed to provide complete physical therapy for me

64.0

17.5

PSQ10

Sometimes Physiotherapist make me wonder if their diagnosis is correct

72.3

22.3

PSQ11

The physiotherapist that treat me knows about the latest in the development of physiotherapy care

61.5

18.1

PSQ12

Some of the physiotherapists lack experience with my physiotherapy problems

      72.9

    16.2

PSQ13

The physiotherapist here are competent and well-trained

82.3

13.5

PSQ14

I have some doubt about the ability of the physiotherapist who treat me

74.8

18.3

PSQ15

The physiotherapists in this department never expose me to unnecessary risk

80.0

19.2

PSQ16

The physiotherapist rarely give me advice about way to avoid and alleviate my illness and stay healthy

75.9

23.0

 

Interpersonal Aspects

 

 

PSQ17

Physiotherapist act too business-like and impersonal towards me

71.5

22.1

PSQ18

Physiotherapist always do their best to keep me from worrying

81.0

13.3

PSQ19

When I am receiving physiotherapy care they should pay more attention to my privacy

39.2

23.6

PSQ21

Sometimes the Physiotherapist  makes me feel foolish

79.6

21.0

PSQ22

The physiotherapist treat me in a very friendly and courteous manner

86.0

14.8

PSQ23

The physiotherapist who treat me should show me more respect

59.2

25.3

 

Communication

 

 

PSQ24

The physiotherapist are good about explaining the reason for my physical therapy

79.8

14.6

PSQ25

Sometimes the physiotherapy use medical terms without explaining what they mean

72.3

22.7

 

PSQ26

During my visits, I am always allowed to say everything that I think is important 

83.5

14.9

PSQ27

The physiotherapist sometimes ignore what I tell them

73.2

16.8

PSQ28

Physiotherapist listen carefully to what I have to say

79.3

13.0

 

Financial Aspect

 

 

PSQ29

I feel confident that I can get the physiotherapy care I need without any financial hardship

70.7

20.0

PSQ30

I worry sometimes about having to pay large bills for my physiotherapy care

62.2

22.3

PSQ31

Regardless of the physiotherapy care, I need now or in the future, I feel protected from financial hardship

67.0

22.2

PSQ32

Sometimes it is a problem for me to cover the cost for my physiotherapy care visit

65.2

22.3

PSQ33

I feel insured and protected financially against all possible physiotherapy care I might need

69.1

19.5

PSQ34

What I pay for my physiotherapy care is more than I can afford

65.6

18.3

PSQ35

The amount I have to pay for my physiotherapy care needs is reasonable

69.5

18.0

PSQ36

Sometimes I go without the physiotherapy care I need because it is too expensive

73.2

19.5

 

Time spent with Physiotherapist

 

 

PSQ37

Physiotherapist usually spend plenty of time with me

49.8

22.5

PSQ38

Those who provide physiotherapy care are sometimes in hurry to much when they treat me 

72.5

14.7

 

Access/ Availability/ Convenience

 

 

PSQ39

If I need Physiotherapy care, I can get it without any problem

78.9

15.3

PSQ40

It is hard for me to access physiotherapy care on short notice

56.4

23.8

PSQ41

It is easy for me to get physiotherapy care in case of an emergency

62.4

16.3

PSQ42

The physiotherapy department should open for more hours than it presently does

52.8

23.5

PSQ43

The physiotherapy department in this hospital is conveniently located

67.2

18.5

PSQ44

In this Physiotherapy department, people have to wait too long for emergency care

73.2

14.5

PSQ45

If I have questions about my physiotherapy care, I reach Physiotherapist in this department for help without any problem

73.4

18.7

PSQ46

I find it hard to get an appointment for physiotherapy care

75.5

14.8

PSQ47

The time (office hours) I come for my physiotherapy appointment is convenient for me

71.6

22.6

PSQ48

I am usually kept waiting for a long time when I visit the physiotherapy department

73.0

19.1

PSQ49

I have easy access to the physiotherapy care that I need in this department

71.8

16.9

PSQ50

I am able to get physiotherapy care here whenever I need it

76.6

16.7

 

Table 3: Domain mean scores, and standard deviation estimates of the PSQ-III subscales

 

Domain

Number of items

Mean

Standard deviation

 

Total Scale

50

68.2

7.2

 

General Satisfaction (GSAT)

6

60.3

8.1

 

Technical Quality (TECH)

10

71.2

9.7

 

Interpersonal Aspects (INTER)

7

70.2

11.4

 

Communication (COMM)

5

77.6

9.9

 

Financial Aspects (FINAN)

8

67.8

13.4

 

Time spent with Physiotherapist (TIME)

2

61.2

14.2

 

Access/Availability/Convenience (AAC)

12

69.4

8.5

 

Table 4: Level of satisfaction in respect of domain

 

Domain/Total Scale

Level of Satisfaction – Frequency = 141 (%)

 

 

Poor

Fair

Good

Very Good

Excellent

 

Total Scale

0 (0.0)

7 (5.0)

91 (64.5)

41 (29.1)

2 (1.4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

General Satisfaction

1 (0.7)

39 (27.7)

93 (66.0)

7 (5.0)

1 (0.7)

 

Technical Quality

0 (0.0)

10 (7.1)

60 (42.6)

61 (43.3)

10 (7.1)

 

Interpersonal Aspects

3 (2.1)

11 (7.8)

50 (35.5)

68 (48.2)

9 (6.4)

 

Communication

0 (0.0)

6 (4.3)

27 (19.1)

88 (62.4)

20 (14.2)

 

Financial Aspects

8 (5.7)

19 (13.5)

33 (23.4)

77 (54.6)

4 (2.8)

 

Time spent with Physiotherapist

6 (4.3)

53 (37.6)

44 (31.2)

26 (18.4)

12 (8.5)

 

Access/Availability/Convenience

0 (0.0)

5 (3.5)

86 (61.0)

45 (31.9)

5 (3.5)

 

 

DISCUSSION

This study was to assess the level of satisfaction with physiotherapy services among patients attending outpatient physiotherapy clinic in a public health facility situated in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. An adapted form of the PSQIII was used for the study to suit physical therapy services with changes in words like ‘Doctor’ and ‘Specialist’ to read Physiotherapist and ‘Medical care’ was changed to ‘Physiotherapy care’. Five research experts reviewed the adapted questionnaire to ensure face and content validities.

The mean total scale score is 68.2% with a large proportion of participants in the study expressing ‘good’ and ‘very good’ level of satisfaction with the Physiotherapy care they received at the hospital. This is similar to satisfaction levels reported by other studies.18,21,22 This finding underscores the importance of the patient-centered approach employed in the care of patient in the hospital which entails a good blend of effective communication, interpersonal skills and high technical know-how as reflected from the domain scores.

Effective communication has been identified as a strong predictor of satisfaction in several satisfaction studies. In this study, communication has the highest mean score and the highest proportion of participants with ‘very good’ level of satisfaction. This shows that the patients appreciated the listening skills of the therapists which affected their level of satisfaction.23The perception from the patients that the therapist understands their feelings makes them receptive to suggestions, instructions and enhance compliance with treatment plans.

Another factor contributing to the good satisfaction observed in this study is the technical quality or expertise of the therapist. Therapist are seen to pay meticulous attention to details and demonstrate competence. It is thought that the perceived technical quality should motivate patients to follow treatment plan, since patients are likely to believe that the plan will be effective.

 

The therapist’s character, courtesy, respect, and friendliness towards the patient also contributed remarkably to the total satisfaction score in this study. This supports the position presented by many research findings which suggest that health-care providers who are empathetic, cheerful, kind, and courteous encourage patient satisfaction.22 and that the strongest significant predictors of satisfaction are an expression of concern for the patient’s comfort, professionalism and the therapist’s attitude and character. 24

 

Participants in the current study were not satisfied with the time spent with Therapist.23 Most participants consider the time spent with the Therapist too short just like Olubukola reported among participants in their studies.22 Most patients desire longer sessions with the therapist believing that this improves their chance of recovery. However, this is not possible in the physiotherapy department of most public hospital in Nigeria because of the workload resulting from a low therapist-to-patient ratio.21

 

Response to items in the ‘Access, Availability, Convenience’ domain of the PSQ-III suggest that participants are not satisfied with the opening hours of the physiotherapy department of the hospital. Long appointment as reported in Ibadan was also an issue that engender dissatisfaction among participants. Olubukola et al’s study stated that more frequent appointments with the Therapist will expedite rehabilitation and impact on quality of life.18

 

Participants in this study were not satisfied with the financial aspect of physiotherapy care.  Cost of Physiotherapy care is reportedly an issue that most patients are not satisfied with. This is because most patients pay out-of-pocket and this may expose them to financial catastrophe and/or impoverishment.25 For participants under some form of pre-payment schemes (Social and Private health Insurance), who are not expected to worry about payment, the number of sessions covered under such schemes are dictated by the payer (HMO) and this affects the satisfaction the patients experience.25

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

Although patients were generally satisfied with the services provided, the following factors such as access to physiotherapy services at all levels, increase in number of physiotherapists in the healthcare workforce across the levels of health care, in the number of visits for participants utilizing a prepayment scheme and its availability to the entire population would enhance the quality of care rendered.

CONCLUSION

Patient satisfaction is a key index in evaluating quality of healthcare services. Research in patient satisfaction within the health system, will show areas of deficiencies which would require adequate strengthening in order to achieve quality healthcare provision.

LIMITATIONS

This study is not without limitations. The study only measures patients’ satisfaction with care received without linking such satisfaction with expected outcome of care. Satisfaction with service may not translate to satisfaction with outcome of care which is the ultimate reason to seek care.23

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Authors declare no conflict of interest

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

The main research work was done by OO, AA analyzed the data collected, PO reviewed the initial draft while MU and RS reviewed the final paper.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Ethical approval for study was obtained from the FMC ethical committee and informed consent obtained in writing from all eligible participant

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